Self-medication among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparative analysis of different faculties

Self-medication is a widespread public health concern. University students are likely to be more prone to it since self-medication rates increase with educational level. Studies have shown that self-medication rates vary among academics belonging to different faculties, and medical students have the highest self-medication rates. However, it is unknown whether this holds in a vulnerable situation, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also unknown whether differences in technical knowledge of drugs influence self-medication rates among students. Thus, this study analyzes and compares prophylactic self-medication among graduate students of different faculties in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a private university in southern Brazil. Students from the medicine, law, life sciences, and fine arts faculties were surveyed, and their responses were compared using a chi-square test. Among 396 respondents, 29.5% reported using preventive medication for COVID-19, and medical students were the least likely to do so. The self-medication rate was 13.6% among respondents, and self-medication did not differ significantly between students of different faculties. Of the students who self-medicated 63% reported having studied the medication before using them. Furthermore, the media did not induce drug use among 81.8% respondents. These results show that medical students used fewer preventive medications during the pandemic and refute the assertion that self-medication rates are higher among medical students. They also show that self-medication rates during the pandemic were significantly lower than those before the pandemic. These revelations show a new aspect of self-medication.Copyright © 2021 Muslim OT et al.

Anxiety, self-esteem and studyhabits in relationtotheacademic performance of Peruvian universitystudents: Covid-19 context.

Background: The Covid-19 pandemic radically changed the way of studying, suddenly we went from fa-ce-to-face learning to a virtual one, in many cases without digital media, without properly managing plat-forms, adding anxiety to contagion, fear of death, economic instability, the uncertainty that it will happen, brings with it changes in academic work, thus influencing academic performance. Aim(s): Relate anxiety, self-esteem and study habits with academic performance in Peruvian university students. Methos: Quantitative, longitudinal, correlational and prospective study with a non-probabilistic sample of 260 students from the 1st cycle of the USS period 2020-II, virtual questionnaires were applied to measure anxiety (Beck's Anxiety Inventory), self-esteem (Stanley's Self-esteem Inventory Coopersmith), study habits (CASM-85 Study Habits Inventory) and academic performance (Promotional Proceedings). Result(s): 40% of the students present a minimum level of anxiety, 50.4% present high average self-esteem and 25.8% have very positive study habits. Conclusion(s): There is a relationship between anxiety and academic performance with statistical significan-ce;while self-esteem, study habits and academic performance were not statistically significant.Copyright © 2023, Ediciones Avances S.L.. All rights reserved.

Reducing your risk cancer-focused health events to meaningfully engage the medically underserved and diminish future cancer disparities

Lack of access to cancer prevention education, early screening, and timely treatment, particularly in low socioeconomic, underserved communities, are cited as substantial barriers to improving survivorship. Outreach educational efforts with on-site screenings offered in partnership with community groups are known to be valuable in encouraging community members' uptake of healthy behaviors and adherence to screening recommendation. To create more engaging events, a community-academic partnership, We Engage 4 Health (WE4H), co-created 11 unique 4-panel comic-style stories designed to be read aloud together as attendees visit each event table. These colorful stories are shared on boards that stand on each table and are offered in both English and Spanish at this time. Many tables also have an accompanying hands-on activity. Together, they lead to meaningful "low stakes" discussions which support understanding of seemingly complex health information. Story topics include the cause of cancer (Cells Gone Wrong), cancer risk factors (Reducing Your Risk), the role of primary care in cancer screening (Primary Care for Prevention), the purpose of research (short Research Ready) and details about specific cancer types (Combatting Colon Cancer, Blocking Breast Cancer, Looking for Lung Cancer, Silencing Skin Cancer, Hindering HPV, and Professional Prostate Protection) and COVID-19 (Take Your Best Shot FAQs). A health passport is used to facilitate table visitation and survey collection at each table enables meaningful evaluation of the event as well as provides the community hosts and their partners baseline cancer data to inform future programing. In 2022, WE4H and the University of Cincinnati Cancer Center partnered with three different communities to co-host pilot events that served over 100 adult residents. Community, research interns and university students volunteered to work the tables at the event and received training prior. Post event surveys and discussions indicated that community partners appreciated the different take on a health fair event. Most volunteers indicated that they would enjoy volunteering again. Attendees indicated that they liked the graphic-style story format used and most preferred it to text and text with graphics approaches. Taken together, the data indicates that Reducing Your Risk events are useful in meaningfully engaging hard to reach, at risk attendees. Additional in-person and virtual events are being planned for 2023 as an approach to reach the medically underserved throughout our region.

COMPARISON OF COVID-19 FEAR, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL, MENTAL HEALTH, ACADEMIC MOTIVATION AND SLEEP QUALITY OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WHO RECEIVED DISTANCE AND FACE-TO-FACE EDUCATION DURING THE PANDEMIC PERIOD.

Purpose: One of the areas most affected by the sudden restrictions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic was the education system and students. The aim of this study was to compare the fear of Covid-19, physical activity levels, mental health, academic motivation and sleep quality of students who received distance education and face-to-face education during the pandemic period. Method(s): In our study 93 university students who received distance education (age: 20.33+/- 1.82 years, height: 167.08+/-8.86 cm, weight: 61.41+/-12.08 kg) and 110 university students who received face-to-face education (age: 20.13+/-0.98 years, height: 167.62+/-8.12 cm, weight: 62.20+/-13.32 kg) were included. Fear of Covid-19 were evaluated by the Covid-19 Fear Scale, physical activity levels by International Physical Activity Questionnaire, mental healths by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, academic motivations by Academic Motivation Scale, and sleep quality by the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Result(s): There was no difference between the two groups in the parameters of mental health (p=0.335), academic motivation (p=0.629) and sleep quality (p=0.230). It was observed that the fears of Covid-19 (p=0.001) and physical activity levels (p=0.023) of the students who received distance education were lower than those who received face-to-face education, and the sitting times (p=0.001) were higher. Conclusion(s): During the Covid-19 pandemic, it was observed that there was no difference in mental health, academic motivation and sleep quality between distance education and face-to- face education. However, we think that it is important to plan for reducing the sitting times and to increase their physical activity levels of students who receive distance education.Copyright © 2022 Turkish Physiotherapy Association. All rights reserved.

Comparison of Knowledge and Practices among University Students of Allied Health Sciences and Engineering Departments in University of Lahore, Pakistan about Corona Virus Disease

Background: Corona Viruses is a group of viruses that cause diseases in both humans and mammals and are known to cause chronic respiratory diseases. The viruses among them include SARS, MERS and COVID-19. The most recent pandemic was a result of COVID-19. Older people and those with underlying medical problems are more likely to develop serious illness. Objective(s): To compare the knowledge and practices of Allied Health and Engineering students of the University of Lahore about Corona Virus Disease. Methodology: A cross-sectional questionnaire based survey was conducted on 326 students studying in Allied health Sciences and Engineering departments of UOL. The data was compiled in SPSS, version 24 for analysis. Result(s): The students of Allied Health Sciences had a better understanding and were more aware of COVID-19, its percussions and the methods to prevent its spread than of the Engineering Students. More than half of the Engineering students have found to have less understanding about the causative agent of the COVID-19 and similar trend was found in other categories. Health sciences students showed higher tendency towards hands hygiene practices than engineering students. Practical implication: Lessons learned from different outbreaks of infectious diseases suggested that knowledge and practices towards infectious diseases are associated with level of panic emotion among the population, which can further complicate attempts to prevent the spread of the disease. To facilitate outbreak management of COVID-19 in Lahore, Pakistan, there is an urgent need to understand the public's awareness of COVID-19. Keeping these considerations in mind this research was kicked-off to gauge the knowledge and practices of these medical and engineering students about Corona virus disease. Conclusion(s): The study shows that educational background plays a vital role in disease control and it will help in successful uptake of control interventions for prevention of COVID-19.Copyright © 2023 Lahore Medical And Dental College. All rights reserved.

The effect of the social support on PTSD and PTG about university student volunteers in the prevention and controlling of coronavirus: with coping style as the intermediary.

To investigate the relationship among post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic growth (PTG), social support, and coping style of university student volunteers in the prevention and control of the coronavirus in 2020, a total of 2,990 university student volunteers (students who are enrolled in a university and involved in volunteer activities) from 20 universities in Sichuan Province participated in the prevention and control of the epidemic were investigated when March 20-31, 2020 when the coronavirus first occurred using the post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire, posttraumatic growth questionnaire, university student social support questionnaire and coping style questionnaire. The results showed that (1) 7.06% of university student volunteers had some degree of PTSD symptoms (the total PCL-C score was 38-49), and 2.88% had obvious PTSD symptoms, (2) PTSD level of university student volunteers was significantly positively correlated with negative coping style, and significantly negatively correlated with social support and positive coping style; on the contrary, the PTG level is significantly positively correlated with social support and positive coping styles, and (3) Positive coping style plays a partial mediating role in the influence of social support on PTG; in the influence of social support on PTSD, the mediating effect of positive or negative coping style was not significant. These results show that in the prevention and control of the coronavirus, the positive coping style and social support of university student volunteers can positively predict the PTG level of them, while the negative coping style can positively predict the severity of their PTSD symptoms. Among them, a positive coping style plays a partial mediating role in the influence of social support on the PTG level.

Investigating the moderating role of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicidal capability in suicidal behavior

Objective: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world. The present research aimed to investigate the moderating role of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicidal capability in suicidal ideation, behavior, and attempts among the Iranian population. Method(s): The data were analyzed using cross-sectional regression models. The population of this study included 600 students of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. The tools used to collect the data in this study were the Patient Health Questionnaire-2, the Depressive Symptom Index-Suicidality Subscale (DSI-SS), the Suicide Attempt Questionnaire, the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (IPTS), the Suicide Capacity Scale-3, the Adverse Childhood Experiences, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Result(s): The results of this study showed that there was an interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness in suicidal behavior and DSI-SS. The results also showed that the acquired and practical capability subscales (suicidal capability) strengthen the relationship between suicidal behavior and the DSI-SS, on the one hand, and suicide attempt, on the other hand. Conclusion(s): The findings of the study showed that the interpersonal theory of suicide can pave the way to prevent suicidal ideation and behavior in Iranian society, and it is recommended that Iranian practitioners apply the theory in practice.Copyright © 2022 Yerkure Tanitim ve Yayincilik Hizmetleri A.S.. All rights reserved.

Back and neck problems as well as disadvantageous ergonomic behavior patterns in university students: Concomitants of the pandemic?

Background: As a part of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown measures, universities converted courses to digital formats, leading to remote studying. It is unclear how these measures affect university students in terms of musculoskeletal problems (i.e., neck and back pain), e.g., by non-ergonomically equipped home offices or reduced physical activity. Material(s) and Method(s): Students from Osnabruck University weresurveyed via fully standardized online questionnaires from early March to mid-April 2022 (6 weeks) about neck and back problems, movement behavior in home offices, and personal information. Result(s): Of 447 students who clicked on the link, 378 students (80.4% female, mean age: 24.1 +/- 4.2 years) answered the questionnaire (response rate: 84.6%). 299 (79.1%) students suffered from neck pain and 294 (77.8%) from back pain during the pandemic. 206 (54.4%) students generally used ergonomic furniture, 83 (22.0%) used ergonomic sitting furniture, 57 (15.1%) used a standing desk, and 212 (56.1%) used aids for a more comfortable use of laptops in home office. 203 (53.7%) students took movement breaks in home office, 207 (54.8%) worked out regularly, and 65 (17.2%) moved regularly in the fresh air. Conclusion(s): The present study found a high rate of neck and back pain amongst university students. Measures are needed to prevent neck and back pain in this group, considering that increased physical activity and enhanced home office equipment might be beneficial.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH

Factors associated with sleep quality in university students

To investigate factors associated with poor sleep quality. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 with random sampling. Information on sleep was obtained using the Mini Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ). Independent variables included sociodemographic, behavioural, academic and psychological health characteristics. Adjusted analyzes were performed using Poisson regression. A total of 996 undergraduate students participated in the study. The poor sleep quality affected 23.1% of the sample (95%CI 20.5-25.9), ranging from 13.4% for those with little concern about violence in the neighbourhood to 36.5% for those with less social support. In the adjusted analysis, female sex [PR] 1.81;(95%CI 1.33-2.45), concern about violence in the neighbourhood [PR] 2.21;(95%CI 1.48-3.28), discrimination at university [PR] 1.42;(95%CI 1.08-1.86) and food insecurity [PR] 1.45;(95%CI 1.11-1.89) were associated with the presence of poor sleep quality, as well as having less social support and income and suffering psychological distress. The results highlight socioeconomic and mental health factors that affect sleep quality and demonstrate the need for reflection and interventions capable of minimizing this problem.Copyright © 2023, Associacao Brasileira de Pos - Graduacao em Saude Coletiva. All rights reserved.

Validity and reliability of the Thai version of the Zoom Exhaustion and Fatigue Scale (ZEF-T)

Objective: Overuse of video conferencing during the COVID-19 pandemic may contribute to the new mental health problem called 'Zoom fatigue'. This study examined convergent validity, factor validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Thai version of the Zoom Exhaustion & Fatigue Scale (ZEF-T). Method(s): The participants were 386 medical students from Thammasat University. Convergent validity was based on comparing ZEF-T scores with the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was done to examine factor validity. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in 25 participants using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot. Result(s): The ZEF-T demonstrated a positive correlation with emotional exhaustion of MBI-SS. (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). The CFA showed a satisfactory fit and supported the five-factor model with acceptable fit statistics. All items had factor loading of more than 0.7. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the total ZEF-T scores was excellent with the alpha of 0.93 and ICC 0.94 (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion(s): The ZEF-T was shown to be a valid and reliable assessment for measuring zoom fatigue in Thai university students.Copyright © 2023 IACFS/ME.

University inclusion at the time of COVID-19: a pilot study

In line with the pedagogical movement called Student Voice (Cook-Sather, 2014), a research group in the Pedagogy and Special Didactics field, from the University of Macerata, has carried out a pilot study with University students with disabilities and with Specific Learning Disorders (Giaconi, Capellini, 2015;Del Bianco, 2019). Specifically, the study will deepen how the Voices of all students can be recorded even during an emergency period and how students' feedback can be the first step to start new cooperation in the implementation of educational paths. © 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.

University Students' Risk Perception, Protective Measures, and General Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate university students' risk perception, protective measures, and general health during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Turkey. METHODS: The research sample consisted of 1920 university students. The data were collected through an online questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 56.6% of the students considered their risk of being infected with the COVID-19. The number of measures taken by students was lower than expected. Students' increased anxiety perceived individual risk level, insufficient social support perceptions, and their perceptions of the current pandemic more serious than previous epidemics affect the number of measures they take. Students had sleep and study problems, and suicidal thoughts in the social isolation period. Sex, studying in medicine, anxiety related to COVID-19, feeling unconfident in coping with the pandemic, social support, were determined to be risk factors regarding general health, sleep and study problems, and suicidal thoughts. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study showed that the measures taken by university students were insufficient and the precautions were affected by many factors. It was determined that their health was adversely affected by the pandemic. University administrations and decision-makers should consider the risk factors to improve the students' experiences in such pandemics and emergencies.

COVID-19 and its impact on higher education: Romanian university students' satisfaction with online learning

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the closure of educational institutions across the world since it put academic teaching in danger. Most educational institutions have turned to online learning platforms to maintain educational activity. However, even after all this time, there are still many unanswered problems regarding the readiness, design, and efficiency of e-learning. Through an online survey applied to almost 600 students, the goal of this study is to investigate how students from George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures (UMPhST), Romania perceive and appreciate online learning. The study also highlights the characteristics of online classes students preferred and the limitations they had to face throughout this challenging period, but it also sheds light on different aspects of online teaching that will help educational specialists create a successful learning environment in the near future.

Evaluating a Smartphone App for University Students Who Self-Harm

Self-harm and other mental health difficulties are very common amongst university students, but students face numerous barriers in accessing professional support. Support offered via a smartphone app may help to overcome some of the barriers they face, while providing support that is acceptable and helpful. However, there is limited research on supportive apps for students who self-harm. This study aimed to evaluate a self-help app (BlueIce) for helping students manage their self-harm, mental wellbeing and coping ability. This was a pre-post study in which 80 participants completed baseline measures online and were sent a link to download BlueIce. Of these, 27 completed follow-up questionnaires six weeks later assessing anxiety, depression, self-harm, and coping self-efficacy/styles. At follow-up, participants also completed a questionnaire evaluating BlueIce. Self-harm urges and symptoms of anxiety and depression significantly decreased, and coping self-efficacy significantly increased. Around two thirds (64%) said that BlueIce had stopped them from harming themselves an average of 24 times. Feedback showed that BlueIce helped provide a distraction in difficult times and helped them to manage their emotions in a more adaptive way. Following the trial period, participants' wellbeing had significantly improved, suggesting that BlueIce may be helpful for university students in managing their self-harm urges and general mental health.

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on food purchase and consumption in college students.

Background: The world has experienced a pandemic in the last 100 years which has caused abrupt changes in mobility and lifestyle habits. Objective(s): To identify the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the purchase and consumption of food in university students. Method(s): Prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study of 335 university students. The evaluation instrument consisted of general data, food shortages and price increase, changes in habits and healthy eating, with 11 questions in total. An analysis was made with descriptive statistics and Pearson's Chi-square with statistical significance level of p<0.05. Result(s): The most used modality of purchase before and during the confinement was face-to-face (53.73%), showed a significant relationship between the consumption of food of low biological value (junk) under factors of anxiety, depression, boredom and a relationship between students' eating and interest in healthy eating with Pearson's Chi-square values of 26.09 and 72.81 respectively. Conclusion(s): There were no changes in the modality of acquiring their food, modifications are observed in the consumption of junk food and interest in maintaining a healthier diet during the confinement by COVID-19.Copyright © 2022 Sociedad Espanola de Nutricion Comunitaria. All rights reserved.

DOAK 2023 / German-Austrian AIDS Conference

The proceedings contain 115 papers. The topics discussed include: prevention and health promotion regarding sexual transmitted infections among university students in Germany;sexual risk behavior and condom use among Arab men tourists in Pattaya, Thailand;prevalence of individuals with risk for severe COVID-19 in whom ritonavir-containing therapies are contraindicated or may lead to interactions with concomitant medications;therapy adjustment using proviral DNA information among multi-class resistant HIV-1 infected and ART-experienced patients;are we on track to reach the WHO elimination goals for viral hepatitis among HIV+-individuals? updates on HBV prevalence and incidence, 1996-2019;telehealth or in-person HIV care? care continuity drove the decision process during the COVID-19 pandemic. results from a qualitative study in South Carolina;high burden of human papilloma virus infection in people living with HIV;and safety and effectiveness outcomes from the CARISEL study: Phase 3b hybrid-3 implementation study integrating CAB+RPV LA Into European clinical settings.

Evaluation of Prevalence of Fatigue among Jordanian University Students and its Relation to COVID-19 Quarantine

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) presented an opportunity to conduct an online survey to research the psychological fatigue as a mental health issue among the students of Jadara University, Jordan. AIM: This study aimed at assessing prevalence of fatigue in the student population of Jadara University (Irbid, Jordan) and its association with COVID-19 quarantine. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jadara University during a period of 2 months, extending from March to May, 2020. Two-hundred students (43.8% males and 56.2% females) participated in the study and filled forms of the fatigue assessment scale. RESULT(S): Psychologically-tired students constituted 59.0% of the participants whereas the remainder participants were normal students. Moreover, statistically-significant differences in fatigue between students of the various academic years (p = 0.04) were found. The highest proportion of students suffering from fatigue was observed in the fourth-, and 5th-year students (21 out of 42 and 9 out of 18, respectively, [i.e., 50.0%, each]). The lowest proportion of students suffering from fatigue was that of the 1st-year students (29.0%). Significant differences in fatigue were also found between working and non-working students (p = 0.001), where all the non-working students (92;100.0%) suffered from fatigue while most of the working students experienced no fatigue (82;69.0% of the working students). CONCLUSION(S): The current study adds to the growing body of knowledge available to policymakers and mental health practitioners throughout the world about the links between individual mental health and the COVID-19 quarantine.Copyright © 2022 Aiman Shoiab, Alia Khwaldeh, Ali Alsarhan, Ashraf Khashroum, Ayman Alsheikh, Sokiyna Ababneh.

University student absenteeism to virtual classes. A case study of two different careers from the University of Concepcion, Chile

Social distancing due to COVID-19 pandemic sharply transferred face-to-face teaching to online modality in all universities in the country. Observing this scenario as particularly favorable to encourage absenteeism to classes, this study objective is to unveil the reasons that students have to miss online synchronic lectures. Students' answers from two different faculties of the University of Concepcion were analyzed with logistic regression model and Mann-Whitney U-test. We found that among students who reported missing synchronic online lectures most frequently, the reasons were internet connection problems;the possibility to access the lecture video asynchronously;lack of motivation in their studies or laziness. A significant correlation was also found between missing classes and teachers' reading their presentations in class or not being inspiring. © 2023, Estudios Pedagógicos. All Rights Reserved. El distanciamiento social obligado por la pandemia de COVID-19 transfirió abruptamente la enseñanza presencial a modalidad online en todas las universidades del país. Observando que este escenario genera incentivos adicionales para el absentismo estudiantil, se desarrolla este trabajo con el objetivo de aproximar las razones que llevan a los estudiantes a faltar a clases virtuales sincrónicas. Se utiliza un modelo de regresión logística ordinal, correlaciones y el test U de Mann-Whitney para analizar una muestra de dos carreras de la Universidad de Concepción. Se concluye que aquellos estudiantes que faltan con mayor frecuencia a clases virtuales lo hacen porque: tienen problemas de conexión, las clases quedan grabadas y pueden verlas en otro momento, no están motivados con sus estudios o les da flojera conectarse. Así también, se encontró asociación significativa, en faltar porque el docente es aburrido y que lea sus presentaciones o no los motive. © 2023, Estudios Pedagógicos. All Rights Reserved.

University student belonging scale: Defining and evaluating students' sense of belonging to their university

Students' Sense of Belonging (SoB) to a University is important because high levels of Sense of Belonging have a positive impact on students' motivation and retention. This mixed methods research design was developed to define Sense of Belonging to the University from the students' perspective, create a more comprehensive measurement tool for Sense of Belonging to the University, and investigate the impact involvement in Student Affairs programs may have on Sense of Belonging to the University.The empirical analysis of the first phase of research led to the development of a new definition for Sense of Belonging to the University, and the themes identified within the data informed the development of the University Student Belonging Scale (USBS). Principal components analysis indicated a four-component structure was the best fit for the data: Feelings that Impact Belonging (20 items), School Spirit (13 items), Social Connections at the University (12 items), and Academic Focus & Support (9 items). Scores can be calculated for each component and as an overall score for Sense of Belonging to the University, with the final version of this 54-item measurement instrument.The results in the evaluation phase indicate the program type (i.e., Student Affairs, Academic Affairs, or other groups) in which a student is involved can make a difference on their level of Sense of Belonging to the University. However, the number of Student Affairs programs in which a student is involved does not have an impact on Sense of Belonging to the University. An investigation into the differences between students who began attending classes prior to the Covid-19 pandemic and students who began attending classes during the Covid-19 pandemic revealed there was only a statistical difference between these groups for Feelings that Impact Belonging.This research highlights the importance of a more comprehensive, validated instrument to measure Sense of Belonging to the University. The USBS can be used to answer research questions higher education administrators, policymakers, parents, and students want to know the answers to. These answers will inevitably lead to more effective support for university students and higher levels of Sense of Belonging to the University. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)